Complexity Digest 2008.27

3-July-2008

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Previous issue 2008.26

Content

  1. Psychology: Bias At The Ballot Box, Nature
    1. Serotonin Modulates Behavioral Reactions to Unfairness, Science
    2. Scientists Identify the Brain's Activity Hub, NYTimes
  2. The Other Beetle-Hunter, Nature
  3. Evolution: Building the Tree of Life, Genome by Genome, Science
  4. F1 And GOSH - Where Motorsport And Medicine Meet, Formula1 News
  5. Managing Complex Organizations: Complexity Thinking and the Science and Art of Management, Complexity & Organization
    1. Confronting Complexity, Complexity & Organization
    2. Natural Science Models in Management: Opportunities and Challenges, Complexity & Organization
    3. Power Inside The Firm And The Market: A General Equilibrium Approach, J. Euro. Econ. Asso.
  6. Drug Discovery: A Lifeline For Suffocating Tissues, Nature 453
  7. 'Biased' Viruses Suggest New Vaccine Strategy For Polio And Other Diseases, Science
  8. Rapid Strengthening Of Thalamo-Amygdala Synapses Mediates Cue-Reward Learning, Nature
  9. Neuroscientists Discover A Sense Of Adventure, ScienceDaily
  10. Behavioural Neuroscience: Out Of Sight, But Not Out Of Mind, Nature
  11. Evolutionarily Preserved Signature Found In The Primate Brain, ScienceDaily
  12. Assembly Reflects Evolution Of Protein Complexes, Nature
  13. Biochemistry: Electron Relay in Proteins, Science
  14. The Carbon Productivity Challenge: Curbing Climate Change And Sustaining Economic Growth., McKinsey Global Institute Report
  15. Speciation In Plants And Animals: Pattern And Process, Phil. Tran. Biol. Sc.
    1. Plant Behaviour And Communication, Ecol. Lett.
  16. Materials Science: The Statistical Mechanics of Strain-Hardened Metals, Science
  17. A Quantum Renaissance, PhysicWorld
  18. Computational Complexity With Experiments As Oracles, Proc. A: Math., Phy. & Engg. Sc.
  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks
    1. Does Osama bin Laden Still Matter?, Time
  20. Links & Snippets
    1. Other Publications
    2. Webcast Announcements
    3. Conference Announcements
    4. Other Announcements

  1. Psychology: Bias At The Ballot Box, Nature Next Article

    Excerpts: Could a seemingly innocuous factor, the type of polling location where people happen to be assigned to vote, actually influence how voters cast their ballots?" (...)

    (...) proposition to raise state sales tax from 5.0% to 5.6%, to increase education spending. Polling stations included churches, schools, community centres and government buildings. Berger et al. predicted that voting in a school would produce more support for the proposition than voting in other places. Indeed it did, but not by much compared with other documented effects on voter choice such as order on the ballot paper.

    1. Serotonin Modulates Behavioral Reactions to Unfairness, Science Next Article

      Excerpts: Individuals with low levels of brain serotonin are less likely to accept an unfair offer of money from other players in a laboratory game.

    2. Scientists Identify the Brain's Activity Hub, NYTimes Next Article

      Excerpts:
      Indiana University
      The outer layer of the brain, the reasoning, planning and self-aware region known as the cerebral cortex, has a central clearinghouse of activity below the crown of the head that is widely connected to more-specialized regions in a large network similar to a subway map, (...).

      ¡§We haven't had a comprehensive map of the brain showing what is connected to what, and you really need the whole thing before you can ask certain questions, like what happens if activity is clogged up at one of the hubs? How does that effect function?¡¨ (...)

      Dr. Sporns said continued research should help produce a complete and detailed neural wiring diagram, what he called the ¡§connectome¡¨ of the brain.

  2. The Other Beetle-Hunter, Nature Next Article

    Excerpts: One hundred years ago, to mark the 50th anniversary of the reading of the original papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on evolution by natural selection, the Linnean Society of London issued its first Darwin-Wallace awards to honour contributors to the study of evolution. (...)

    Neither man expected the joint announcement of evolution by natural selection at the Linnean Society in 1858. Indeed it was not as self-sacrificing an arrangement as is often portrayed. And it exemplifies what scientists have always known ¡X that the making of a new theory rarely occurs in isolation. Rather, it depends on the support of colleagues, social networks and interactions within the scientific community, as well as the power of the theory itself.

    • Source: The Other Beetle-Hunter, Andrew Berry, Janet Brown, DOI: doi:10.1038/4531188a, Nature 453, 1188-1190, 08/06/26

  3. Evolution: Building the Tree of Life, Genome by Genome, Science Next Article

    Excerpts: Cheaper sequencing has put many more genes into the hands of researchers trying to sort out the degree of relatedness of a menagerie of organisms. Thanks to one such "phylogenomic" analysis reported on page 1763 of this week's issue of Science, bird guides may never be the same. (...)

    Phylogenetic studies have gone 'omic. Whereas researchers used to be satisfied comparing one gene, or a few, to sort out the branching of the tree of life, the push now among those building phylogenies is to consider whole genomes--at the very least, dozens of genes and thousands of DNA bases--in establishing kinships among flora and fauna. In this way, evolutionary biology is joining the bandwagon of data-intensive studies pioneered by genomics.

  4. F1 And GOSH - Where Motorsport And Medicine Meet, Formula1 News Next Article

    Excerpts: And this need for clear organization and swift reactions is clearest of all during a pit-stop, when crews of 20 highly-trained individuals come together to refuel, re-tyre and fine-tune a [Formula 1, Ed.] car to get it back out on the race track within a matter of seconds.

    For Goldman [head of the hospital's paediatric cardiac intensive care unit Ed.] and Elliott [surgeon, Ed.] the parallels between this and their own challenges were striking. Both involved multiple specialists simultaneously carrying out numerous, complex tasks - tasks that frequently involved complex interfaces, and which all had to be completed quickly and accurately. Upon this realisation the duo quickly set about contacting Formula One teams to ask them to lend their expertise and help the hospital streamline their processes during a patient handover.

  5. Managing Complex Organizations: Complexity Thinking and the Science and Art of Management, Complexity & Organization Next Article

    Excerpts: This article is an attempt to explore the implications of the emerging science of complexity for the management of organizations. It is not intended as an introduction to complexity thinking, but rather an attempt to consider how thinking 'complexly' might affect the way in which managers do their jobs. This is achieved in a rather abstract way with some theory, but I hope the general message that there is no one way to manage comes through loud and clear, and that management is as much an art as it is a science (which in itself is not a particularly original statement). In a sense complexity thinking is about limits, limits to what we can know about our organizations. And if there are limits to what we can know, then there are limits to what we can achieve in a pre-determined, planned way.

    1. Confronting Complexity, Complexity & Organization Next Article

      Excerpts: While complexity researchers have made considerable advances in recent years, complexity thinking, as a formal discipline, has yet to enter the mainstream. We believe that this is partially a consequence of the packaging. The relative dearth of research into practical tools, when compared with that conducted in the areas of philosophy and theory, serves to compound the problem. Given the difficulties experienced by those attempting to transfer complexity ideas from the laboratory to the field, maybe we can best approach the development of tools from alternative theoretical directions¡Xand use our understanding of complexity to evaluate and enhance them. In this article, we introduce Confrontation Management¡Xa theory of human interaction that has its roots in Game Theory¡Xand show that this theory supports the modeling and analysis of, and planning within, complex social systems. As such, we suggest that it represents a powerful addition to any complexity practitioner's toolbox.
      • Source: Confronting Complexity, Andrew Tait, Kurt A. Richardson, Intl J Emergence, Complexity & Organization, 10.2, 08/06/30

    2. Natural Science Models in Management: Opportunities and Challenges, Complexity & Organization Next Article

      Excerpts: This paper sets out how models from natural science can be used within the management domain. We contend that this transformation between domains is best served by agent-based models, where the agent behavior is important, not the specifics of the agent type. We also note that these models are useful for exploring complexity and extending the research that has been performed within management to date. We demonstrate this with two models: the NK model, a theoretical biology model that has had 10 years of development within the strategy field, and the Forest Fire model, a model from physics that is at an early stage within its application within the management domain. In doing so, we also focus on the specific issues that need to be addressed when applying and extending these models to management studies due to the ontological differences between the realms of natural science and social science.

    3. Power Inside The Firm And The Market: A General Equilibrium Approach, J. Euro. Econ. Asso. Next Article

      Abstract: Recent years have witnessed an enormous amount of reorganization of the corporate sector in the United States and Europe. This article examines the role of market competition in this trend of corporate reorganization. We find that, at intermediate levels of competition, the CEO of the corporation decides to have less power inside the firm and to delegate control to lower levels of the firms' hierarchy. Workers' empowerment and the move to a flatter organizational structure emerge as an equilibrium when competition is not too tough and not too weak. The model predicts merger waves or waves of outsourcing when countries become more integrated in the global economy as the corporate sector reorganizes in response to an increase in international competition.

  6. Drug Discovery: A Lifeline For Suffocating Tissues, Nature 453 Next Article

    Excerpts: When a blood vessel becomes blocked, the ideal treatment would be a drug that induces new vessel formation in the damaged tissue, without affecting healthy tissues. With the chemical nitrite, we might be on to a winner.

    Ischaemia occurs, for instance, when a blood vessel becomes occluded by a clot. It affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and is often life-threatening. So there is an urgent need for molecular factors that could stimulate new vessel growth (angiogenesis) and so promote revascularization of ischaemic tissues.

  7. 'Biased' Viruses Suggest New Vaccine Strategy For Polio And Other Diseases, Science Next Article

    Excerpts: They're called silent mutations, but they could make a big noise in the vaccine field. Introducing hundreds of these seemingly inconsequential changes into a poliovirus can cripple the virus enough to make it work as a live vaccine in mice, scientists report on page 1784. The technology might lead to safer polio vaccines and perhaps to so-called live attenuated vaccines against other diseases.

  8. Rapid Strengthening Of Thalamo-Amygdala Synapses Mediates Cue-Reward Learning, Nature Next Article

    Excerpts: What neural changes underlie individual differences in goal-directed learning? The lateral amygdala (LA) is important for assigning emotional and motivational significance to discrete environmental cues, including those that signal rewarding events. Recognizing that a cue predicts a reward enhances an animal's ability to acquire that reward; however, the cellular and synaptic mechanisms that underlie cue-reward learning are unclear. Here we show that marked changes in both cue-induced neuronal firing and input-specific synaptic strength occur with the successful acquisition of a cue-reward association within a single training session.

  9. Neuroscientists Discover A Sense Of Adventure, ScienceDaily Next Article

    Excerpts: Wellcome Trust scientists have identified a key region of the brain which encourages us to be adventurous. The region, located in a primitive area of the brain, is activated when we choose unfamiliar options, suggesting an evolutionary advantage for sampling the unknown. It may also explain why re-branding of familiar products encourages to pick them off the supermarket shelves. (...) showed that when the subjects selected an unfamiliar option, an area of the brain known as the ventral striatum lit up, indicating that it was more active. The ventral striatum is in one of the evolutionarily primitive regions of the brain, (...).

  10. Behavioural Neuroscience: Out Of Sight, But Not Out Of Mind, Nature Next Article

    Excerpts: Flies are cleverer than previously thought. They can remember their original destination even if distracted en route by another landmark. This behaviour depends on a specific group of neurons. (...)

    Their findings add to the growing body of data suggesting that fruitflies are capable of extremely complex behaviours. Together, these observations indicate that flies can initiate goal-directed behaviour, remember the goal despite a distraction, and re-initiate and execute the behaviour necessary to reach the goal on removal of the distracter.

  11. Evolutionarily Preserved Signature Found In The Primate Brain, ScienceDaily Next Article

    Excerpts: Researchers have determined that there are hundreds of biological differences between the sexes when it comes to gene expression in the cerebral cortex of humans and other primates. These findings indicate that some of these differences arose a very long time ago and have been preserved through evolution. These conserved differences constitute a signature of sex differences in the brain. (...) This study, believed to be the first of its kind, focuses on gene expression within the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is involved in many of the more complex functions in both humans and other primates, including memory, attentiveness, thought processes and language. (...)

  12. Assembly Reflects Evolution Of Protein Complexes, Nature Next Article

    Excerpts: These data represent a molecular analogy to Haeckel's evolutionary paradigm of embryonic development, where an intermediate in the assembly of a complex represents a form that appeared in its own evolutionary history. Our model of self-assembly allows reliable prediction of evolution and assembly of a complex solely from its crystal structure.

  13. Biochemistry: Electron Relay in Proteins, Science Next Article

    Excerpts: Electron transfer in proteins can be accelerated by electron relay along a chain of residues. (...)

    The movement of electrons between cofactors in proteins is fundamental to photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, aerobic respiration, and many other life processes. Researchers have long asked how the protein architecture separating two cofactors influences the rate of electron transfer between them (1). Most studies have addressed reactions that occur in a single tunneling step, with the protein matrix between electron donor and electron acceptor acting (almost) passively as a "tunneling bridge." On page 1760 of this issue, Shih et al. (2) report a model system for a different type of protein electron transfer reaction, in which amino acids of the protein act as semiconductor relay elements to facilitate the transfer. This electron relay occurs in several important proteins, and scientists hope to exploit it in the design of new energy-yielding devices.

  14. The Carbon Productivity Challenge: Curbing Climate Change And Sustaining Economic Growth., McKinsey Global Institute Report Next Article

    Excerpts: Any successful program of action on climate change must support two objectives¡Xstabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) and maintaining economic growth. Research by the McKinsey Global Institute and McKinsey's Climate Change Initiative finds that reconciling these two objectives means that "carbon productivity," the amount of GDP produced per unit of carbon equivalents (CO2e) emitted, must increase dramatically. To meet commonly discussed abatement paths, carbon productivity must increase from approximately $740 GDP per ton of CO2e today to $7,300 GDP per ton of CO2e by 2050¡Xa tenfold increase. This is comparable in magnitude to the labor productivity increases of the Industrial Revolution. However, the "carbon revolution" must be achieved in one-third of the time that economic transformation took in the Industrial Revolution if we are to maintain current growth levels while keeping CO2e levels below 500 parts per million by volume (ppmv), a level that many experts believe is the maximum that can be allowed without significant risks to the climate.

  15. Speciation In Plants And Animals: Pattern And Process, Phil. Tran. Biol. Sc. Next Article

    Excerpt: Although approximately 150 years have passed since the publication of On the origin of species by means of natural selection, the definition of what species are and the ways in which species originate remain contentious issues in evolutionary biology. The biological species concept, which defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups, continues to draw support. However, there is a growing realization that many animal and plant species can hybridize with their close relatives and exchange genes without losing their identity. (...)

    1. Plant Behaviour And Communication, Ecol. Lett. Next Article

      Excerpt: Plant behaviours are defined as rapid morphological or physiological responses to events, relative to the lifetime of an individual. Since Darwin, biologists have been aware that plants behave but it has been an underappreciated phenomenon. The best studied plant behaviours involve foraging for light, nutrients, and water (...) many plant responses are localized although the degree of integration within whole plants is not well understood. Plant behaviours have been characterized as simpler than those of animals. Recent findings challenge this notion (...). Plants anticipate future conditions by accurately perceiving and responding to reliable environmental cues. Plants exhibit memory, altering their behaviours (...).
      • Source: Plant Behaviour And Communication, R. Karban - rkarbanaucdavis.edu, DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01183.x, Ecology Letters, Jul. 2008, online 2008/04/08
      • Contributed by Pritha Das - prithadas01ayahoo.com

  16. Materials Science: The Statistical Mechanics of Strain-Hardened Metals, Science Next Article

    Excerpts: The average distance that dislocations in crystals travel before freezing into place is a key quantity in describing how metals harden when strained. (...)

    The dislocation dynamics simulation method treats dislocations as a dynamical system and tracks their trajectory in the crystal by computer simulation. In this simulation, the evolution of the dislocation system is described by an equation of motion that connects the stress acting on dislocations to their velocity. Mutual dislocation interactions at long range, junction formation and destruction, and cross slip processes are also considered.

  17. A Quantum Renaissance, PhysicWorld Next Article

    Excerpts: These experiments confirmed quantum theory with striking success, and challenged many common-sense assumptions about the physical world. Among these assumptions are ¡§realism¡¨ (which, roughly speaking, states that results of measurements reveal features of the world that exist independent of the measurement), ¡§locality¡¨ (that the result of measurements here and now do not depend on some action that might be performed a large distance away at exactly the same time), and ¡§non-contextuality¡¨ (asserting that results of measurements are independent of the context of the measurement apparatus).

  18. Computational Complexity With Experiments As Oracles, Proc. A: Math., Phy. & Engg. Sc. Next Article

    Excerpts: We discuss combining physical experiments with machine computations and introduce a form of analogue-digital (AD) Turing machine. We examine in detail a case study where an experimental procedure based on Newtonian kinematics is combined with a class of Turing machines. Three forms of AD machine are studied, in which physical parameters can be set exactly and approximately. Using non-uniform complexity theory, and some probability, we prove theorems that show that these machines can compute more than classical Turing machines.

  19. Complex Challenges: Global Terrorist Networks Next Article

    1. Does Osama bin Laden Still Matter?, Time Next Article

      Excerpts:
      Although his standing among Muslims has fallen, bin Laden still shows up in popular iconography, as in this image on the back of a truck in Indonesia.
      ABBAS / MAGNUM
      U.S. officials, too, worry that a new generation of jihadis is making the trek to Pakistan, seeking al-Qaeda's assistance. Sixteen U.S. intelligence agencies signed off on a 2007 National Intelligence Estimate that concluded that al-Qaeda has made a strong comeback in Afghanistan and Pakistan because it has found "a safe haven in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas [FATA] in Pakistan" for its operational lieutenants and top leadership. In February, Michael McConnell, director of National Intelligence, said in congressional testimony that there had been an "influx of new Western recruits into the tribal areas since mid-2006."

  20. Links & Snippets Next Article

    1. Other Publications Next Article

      1. Tryptophan-Accelerated Electron Flow Through Proteins, Crystal Shih, Anna Katrine Museth, Malin Abrahamsson, Ana Maria Blanco-Rodriguez, Angel J. Di Bilio, Jawahar Sudhamsu, Brian R. Crane, Kate L. Ronayne, Mike Towrie, Antonin Vlcek, Jr., John H. Richards, Jay R. Winkler, Harry B. Gray, 08/06/27, Science 27 June 2008: 1760-1762.
      2. A Significant Upward Shift in Plant Species Optimum Elevation During the 20th Century, J. Lenoir, J. C. Gegout, P. A. Marquet, P. de Ruffray, H. Brisse, 08/06/27, Science 27 June 2008: 1768-1771.
      3. Measuring Complexity: Things That Go Wrong and How To Get It Right, Vincent Vesterby, Intl J Emergence, 08/06/30, Complexity & Organization, 10.2
      4. Plant Species Radiations: Where, When, Why?, H. P. Linder, 2008/06/25, Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0075
      5. Researchers Develop Neural Implant That Learns With The Brain, 2008/06/26, Innovations-report
      6. Are You A Different Person When You Speak A Different Language?, 2008/06/26, ScienceDaily & University of Chicago Press Journals
      7. Online Service Lets Blind Surf The Internet From Any Computer, Anywhere: Visions Of Future Technology Don't Involve Being Chained To A Desktop Machine., 2008/06/27, Innovations-report
      8. UC San Diego Computer Scientist Turns His Face Into A Remote Control: New Work At Nexus Of Facial Expression Recognition Research And Automated Tutoring, 2008/06/27, Innovations-report
      9. Mixed Feelings Not Remembered As Well As Happy Or Sad Ones, 2008/06/27, ScienceDaily & University of Chicago Press Journals
      10. Personalizing Medicine: New Research Shows Potential Of Targeted Therapies For Cancer, 2008/06/28, ScienceDaily & Society of Nuclear Medicine
      11. Recognition Software Picks Up A Penguin: Tuxes Don't All Look Alike After All, G. Dixon, 2008/06/30, vnunet.com

    2. Webcast Announcements Next Article

    3. Conference Announcements Next Article

      1. Intl Summer School on "Modelling and Optimization in Micro- and Nano- Electronics" - MOMINE 2008, Ragusa, Sicily, Italy, 08/06/14-28
      2. NECSI Summer School, Cambridge, MA, 08/06/16-07/04,
      3. 9th Intl Mathematica Symposium, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 08/06/20-24
      4. The 14th Intl Conf on Auditory Display (ICAD), Paris, France, 08/06/24-27
      5. 8th Intl Conf of Sociocybernetics - Complex Social Systems, Interdisciplinarity And World Futures, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, 08/06/24-28
      6. "Is complexity the new framework for management and public policy in the 21st century?" Complexity Society Workshop, Manchester, UK, 08/06/26
      7. The 3rd Intl Symp on Knowledge Communication and Peer Reviewing: KCPR 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA, 08/06/29-07/02
      8. The 3rd Intl Symp on Knowledge Communication and Conferences: KCC 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA, 08/06/29-07/02
      9. 7th Intl Summer School and Conf "Let's Face Chaos through Nonlinear Dynamics", Maribor, Slovenia, 08/06/29-07/13
      10. The 12th World Multi-Conf on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics: WMSCI 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA, 08/06/29-07/02
      11. From Animals To Animats 10 - The 10th Intl Conf on the Simulation Of Adaptive Behavior (SAB'08), Osaka, Japan, 08/07/07-12
      12. Complex Systems and Social Simulations, CEU Summer University, Budapest, Hungary, 08/07/07-18
      13. 2008 Gordon Research Conf on Oscillations & Dynamic Instabilities in Chemical Systems, Waterville, ME, 08/07/13-18
      14. Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics Models, Udine, Italy, 08/07/14-18
      15. 1st Intl Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics and Synchronization (INDS'08), Klagenfurt, Austria, 08/07/18-19
      16. Scratch@MIT,Cambridge, MA, 08/07/24-26
      17. 8th Intl Conf on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems, Brighton, UK, 08/07/31-08/02
      18. On the Edge: Healthcare in the Age of Complexity, Kansas City, MO, 08/08/03-05
      19. Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology & Life Sciences 18th Annl Intl Conf, Richmond, Virginia, USA, 08/08/08-10
      20. Stochastic Resonance 2008, Perugia, Italy, 08/08/17-21
      21. 4th Intl Conf on Natural Computation (ICNC'08) - 5th Intl Conf on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD'08), Jinan, China, 08/08/25-27
      22. Intl Conf DEscribing COmplex Systems (DECOS), Zadar, Croatia, 08/09/03-07
      23. BICS Conference - Emergence in Complex Systems, Bath, UK, 08/09/09-11
      24. 5th European Conference on Complex Systems, Jerusalem, Israel, 08/09/14-19
      25. EPOS 2008, III Edition of Epistemological Perspectives on Simulation, Lisbon, Portugal, 08/10/02-03
      26. The 1st Intl Conf on the Evolution and Development of the Universe., Paris, France, 08/10/08-09
      27. International Congress on Complex Thought, Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico, 08/10/21-24
      28. 2nd Intl Congress of Complex Systems in Sport (2nd ICCSS) and 10th European Workshop of Ecological Psychology. (10th EWEP), Funchal, in Madeira Island, Portugal, 08/11/05-08
      29. 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI-08), Sydney, Australia, 08/12/09-12
      30. COMPLEX'2009, First Intl Conf on Complex Systems: Theory and Applications, Shanghai, China, 09/02/23-25

    4. Other Announcements

      1. A short notice from Dean LeBaron

        Dear ComDig Readers,

        Our editor, Dr. Gottfried Mayer, is affectionately esteemed by many of you -- as readers, you know he devotes himself unselfishly to widening our knowledge of complexity science. He was recently diagnosed with advanced colon cancer and given a timetable of a very few years. Knowing Gottfried, you can imagine that, in addition to the customary processes of chemotherapy, he would explore other frontier therapies, especially those arising out of interdisciplinary applications of complexity. These are expensive ... if he can find them.

        Many of you have sent your good wishes and indicated your desire to assist. With Gottfried's permission, I am posting this note with information, below, about how to send contributions to him. Please indicate the source since Gottfried will want to express his warm gratitude.

        I know that Gottfried, the good scientist that he is, will explain from time to time what he is doing and what the results are ... and we will follow his progress with great interest and hope.

        Dean LeBaron
        Publisher, Complexity Digest

        Bank Information:

        If your contribution is made by check:
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